March 22, 1915

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Martin Antonenko

A Fixture
Joined
Jul 11, 2008
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8,794
The greatest siege of World War I ends:
The Fortress Przemyśl surrenders!




On March 22, 1915, the Austro-Hungarian fortress Przemyśl in Galicia (now Poland) surrenders to the Russian army!



With this the greatest siege of the First World War comes to an end; at the same time it is one of the worst defeats of the KuK monarchy in this war.

110,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers march into captivity!



In the autumn of 1914, the Austrians had already lost the battle for the Galician capital Lemberg (Lwow in Russian, today Lwiw / Ukraine) against the of General Nikolaj Iwanow ...



... led Russians and then fled more than a hundred kilometers to the west.

Przemysl was there from the Russian 3rd Army under General Radko Dimitriew ...



... has been locked in from September 16, 1914.

When the Austrians, under further pressure, retreat further west across the San River, the enclosed fortress remains completely isolated behind the Russian lines.

To the commander of the fortress, Feldmarschalleutnant Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten ...



... has the 23rd (Hungarian regular) Honved Division and the second-rate 93rd, 97th, 108 and 111th Landsturm Brigades in the fortress.

Together with four honved marching regiments and the pioneer group under Major General Nickel, there are 65 infantry battalions in the fortress, most of them of Ruthenian and Hungarian origin - a total of around 130,000 men ...:



The fortress artillery is largely out of date; of the 38 beltworks of the outer defensive ring, only twelve have been modernized and provided with reinforced ceilings.

Of a total of 988 fortress guns, only 28 are state-of-the-art.

First of all, the Russians are trying to take Przemyśl by storm!



For three days (September 22 to 24, 1914) there is attack after attack - but Przemyśl holds out and the Russians lose more than 40,000 soldiers in three days!







When the German 9th Army under Feldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg ...



... from Silesia starts a relief attack on Russian Poland and marches on Warsaw, the siege of Przemyśl must first be broken off because the troops standing there are needed more urgently in front of Warsaw.

**continued next post**
 
Part II:

On October 31, 1914, however, Hindenburg - defeated by the Russians on the Vistula - now has to go back and on November 9, Russian troops appear again in front of Przemyśl and enclose the fortress!

This time they are associations of the newly established Russian 11th Army under General Andrej Seliwanow ...:



Seliwanow commands about 300,000 men.

And he learned from his predecessor's storm disaster!

He orders that no more attacks of this kind be launched and that the fortress be starved and constantly bombarded with artillery.

Przemyśl desperately calls for help over the radio as food and ammunition supplies are threateningly low.

The Austria-Hungarians launch three relief attacks in succession:

But their 3rd Army under General Boroevic von Bojna Svetozar ......:



... is defeated in the Carpathians (February 1915), the 2nd Army under General Böhm-Ermoli (with the dark cap) ...



... must also go back and the two army corps of the "Corps Group Tersztyánszky" under the general of the same name (left) ...



... is fought back at Baligrod from February 27th to March 14th, 1915.

The strategically highly gifted commander of the Russian 8th Army, General Andrej Brussilow ...



... who negates all these attempts at relief is lucky that the Austrians do not coordinate their actions with one another, but come one after the other.

Then the Austrians have nothing left to send and Chief of Staff Feldmarschall Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (on the right with a dark armband) ...




... there is nothing left but to radio Przemyśl's commanding officer Kusmanek von Burgneustädten that he is now on his own.

General Seliwanow has now brought in enough heavy artillery to shoot down the fortress at will ...:



On March 13, 1915, the Russians overrun the northern defensive lines, which had previously been pulverized by grenades ...



... and settle in the inner fortress area ...:



On March 22nd, Field Marshal Lieutenant Kusmanek was forced to surrender as there was no longer any food in Przemyśl.

To accept the surrender, Tsar Nikolaij II and the Russian Supreme Commander Grand Duke Nikolaj Nikolajewisch (that's the tall man next to the Tsar!) came ...:



9 generals, 2,300 officers and 110,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers are captured ...:







In the quarters of the fortress commander, the Russian General Artamonov poses in front of the picture of Emperor Franz Joseph I.



On the Austro-Hungarian side there are 20,000 dead, on the Russian side more than 100,000 dead ...:



The Russians can enjoy the crushed ruins of Przemyśl for only a quarter of a year:





At the beginning of June 1915, German and Austro-Hungarian troops will retake Przemyśl ...:

 
Thanks Martin for another interesting piece ...the sheer qty of numbers involved , losses on both sides are certainly hard to comprehend

Good appropriate choice of pictures as well

Cheers

Nap
 
Mediaeval siege warfare with modern weapons. We tend to regard the Western Front as being the seat of the war, but in the East it was also very savage and there was much more movement of armies. I would guess that the losses in manpower in the East probably outweighed that of the Westfront even though Russia was effectively out of it by 1917.

Good post Martin, and excellent photos/pictures(y)

Phil
 

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