November 28, 1240

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Martin Antonenko

A Fixture
Joined
Jul 11, 2008
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9,001
Kiev succumbs to the Mongols!


In 1237 the Mongols begin under Batu Khan ...



... a long planned campaign against the Rus (the forerunner of today's Russia, Belarus and Ukraine).



They proceed carefully and methodically, conquering one important city after another.

First they attack Volhynia (in the northwest), then the Principality of Ryazan, then the cities of Suzdal and Vladmir (the capitals of the principality of the same name), then Pereyaslav, Khmelnytskyi and Chernihiv.

And Moscow? One or the other will ask. Forget it, Moscow was an insignificant nest at that time!

The most important city of the Rus, however, is Kiev - and Khan Batu wants to take that now!

At the beginning of November 1240 the advance guards of the Mongol army reached the city ...:



About 2,000 men who are leaded by Möngke Khan ...



... the cousin of Batu Khan.

This vanguard alone is twice as strong as the entire Kiev garrison - the voivode Dmitrij, who wants to defend Kiev, has just under 1,000 soldiers.

His boss, the prince of the city, Daniel Romanovich Golitsyn ...



... at the first news of the approach of the Mongols ...





... thrown on his horse and - without leaving an address - stormed to the west.

"We will have that in a moment!", Möngke Khan will have thought. He sends a delegation to the city to urge the Kievans to surrender without a fight!

In return, the lives of all residents should be spared, says Möngke Khan.

But if Slavs don't want to, then they just don't want to and can be pretty stubborn! In addition, it is clear to the Kievans that they will be left alive, but all of them will be led into slavery (after all, there is news from the cities that Batu took before ...)

So the Kievans answer as follows:

The Mongolian parliamentarians are beheaded publicly in the main square of Kiev - and their corpses and their separate heads are thrown over the city walls.

Möngke Khan has understood and is preparing the siege of the city.

The fighting for the city begins on November 28, 1240, as soon as the main Batus army has arrived ...:



According to ancient chronicles, the Mongol army was "tens of thousands" strong - and the Kievans only have 1,000 soldiers and their city walls.

The old city walls of Kiev withstand the incessant catapult shelling of the Mongols ...







... did not stand very long - on December 5th the so-called "Polish Wall" (the wall in the west of the city) collapsed completely and the Mongolian storm begins ...:







**continued next post**
 
Part II


Batu's fighters invade the city and bitter street fighting ensues, with heavy casualties on both sides!



But wherever a Mongol falls, there are immediately two or three others, while the Kievans cannot afford their losses.

The voivode Dimitrij is also seriously wounded by an arrow shot.

Towards evening the remnants of the Kiev armed forces had to retreat to the inner city, which was fortified with a separate wall, but they could still maintain their position. The Mongols rule the outskirts ...:





Many civilians fled the fighting in a house of God, the so-called "Church of the Tithing" ...:



In the early morning of December 6th, the completely overcrowded church collapsed (there were simply too many refugees climbed onto the galleries) and buried several thousand Kievans ...:



The next storm of the Mongols that day - on the city center - ends with the complete capture of Kiev by Batu's troops!

As a punishment for being insubordinate, the khan gives Kiev his soldiers to plunder, with the Mongols causing a revenge massacre and slaughtering at least 30,000 residents ...:



Only voivode Dimitrij remains alive ...



... the rest of his soldiers and the civilians who fell into the hands of the Mongols in the city center.

This suggests that the massacre took place spontaneously and was not ordered! The khan was in the city center at that time, so the discipline was stronger there and no prisoners were slaughtered!

After extensive sacking of the city, Khan ordered Batu to march out the next day - and his rear guards set fire to everything from Kiev that could be set on fire ...:



Batu Khan leads his army further west, towards Poland.

Kiev remains as a smoking heap of rubble, in which there are a few survivors who can hardly believe that they are not dead ...

 
A horseback army like the Mongols must have required enormous amounts of forage just to keep moving.

Good post Martin.

Phil
 
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