The Spear
The most common weapons in use by the Viking Age warrior were the spear and a long knife along the pattern of a sax, scramasax, or francesca. The spear was the best weapons choice because it required the least amount of metal. This meant that a high-quality weapon could be had by even the common man. There were a variety of spear styles in use. The thrusting spear featured a broad, leaf-shaped blade from 3" to 18" in length: "Helgi was carrying a spear with a blade eighteen inches long and an iron-bound shaft" (Laxdaela Saga) . Some of these had "wings" or lugs, which were short extensions on either side of the socket just below the head, presumably to keep the point from penetrating too deeply into a foeman and becoming trapped: "Snorri went back into the house and got himself a big spear with barbs" (Fostbraedra Saga). There is also some evidence for a throwing spear of javelin, which possessed a narrow, tapering head.
The sagas mention a few types of special spears, the höggspjót, krokaspjót and the algeir, which modern translators render misleadingly as "halberd." These were extremely destructive pole weapons:
"Hrut took hold of a gold-inlaid halberd which King Harald Greycloak had given him... Eldgrim now tried to get away, and spurred his horse; and when Hrut saw this he raised his halberd and drove it between Eldgrim's shoulder blades so hard that the coat of mail burst open at the impact and the halberd came out through his chest. Eldgrim fell dead from his horse, as was only to be expected.... Hrut was eighty years of age when he killed Eldgrim, and his prestige was greatly enhanced by it" (Laxdaela Saga).
A better term than "halberd" would be "slashing spear" or "hooking spear". In general, these were six feet in length with a metal-bound shaft and a double-edged pointed blade. Some had hooks, some had more than two cutting edges. When these polearms had hooks, they were called krokaspjót. If the shaft was not metal-bound, it was called a heptisax. A long-shafted hammer axe called a refthi is mentioned in Faereyinga Saga, and where the same scene is described in the Olaf Sagas, the weapon is described variously as "a stick with an axe-head on it," "an axe-stick," or "a stick-axe". Thus the refthi probably was something that could be accurately termed a halberd.